CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Name  : Ika Mayang Sari

Class    : 4EA13

NPM    : 13212574

Conditional Sentece or If Clause

1.      If I had not quarreled with john, I could have gone to the party with him.

It can be concluded that          to the party.

A.   Perhaps I’II go with john

B.   John promised to go with me

C.   I didn’t go with john

D.   John would like to go with me

Answer: C

Pernyataan tersebut menggunakan bentuk pengandaian yang ke-3 maka kenyataanya turun menjadi ke-2 negatif.

2.      “If the company’s personnel department had mailed the letter earlier, I would not have been too late for the interview. “ We may conclude that        

A.      I went thourgh the interview.

B.      The letter came too early.

C.      The company did not send the letter.

D.     I missed the interview.

Answer: D

Kesimpulan dari pernyataan tersebut bahwa ia tidak mengikuti tes wawancara karena surat panggilan yang dikirimkan terlambat.

3.      They climbed higher so that they got a better view. We can also say:

A.      If they had not climbed higher, they would not have got a better view.

B.      If they didn’t climed higher, they would not have got a better view.

C.      If they didn’t climb higher, they didn’t get a better view.

D.     If they won’t climb higher, they dont get a better view.

Answer: A

Pernyataan bentuk ke-2 jika dijadikan pengandaian berubah menjadi bentuk yang ke-3.

4.      “If there were traffic lights at this intersection, there wouldn’t be so many accidents.”

We may conclude that:          

A.      The only accidents occur at this intersection.

B.      This is a dangerous intersection.

C.      The traffic lights often don’t work.

D.     Despite the traffic lights accidents happen.

Answer: B

Dari pernyataan tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pesimpangan tersebut sangat berbahaya karena lampu lalu lintasnya rusak sehingga terjadi kecelakaan.

5.      Had they invited fewer people, the party could have been held at their house.

We may conclude that           

A.      It was only a small party

B.      Their house was crowded with people.

C.      The party was held at the Bhayangkara Hall.

D.     Not many of the invited people came.

Answer: C

Kesimpulan dari pernyataan tersebut adalah bahwa peserta tersebut siadakan di tempat lain karena dia mengundang banyak orang.

6.      Had the company not raised Bambang’s salary, he would have looked for another job.

We may conclude from the underlined words that Bambang          

A.      Doesn’t like his job

B.      Didn’t leave his present job

C.      Found a better-paying job

D.     Couldn’t find a good job

Answer: B

Bambang kenyataannya tidak meninggalkan pekerjaannya karena perusahaan telah menaikan gajinya.

7.      If hadn’t promoted, he’d have quitted his job. The underlined word means             he kept his job.

A.      He would like to keep the job

B.      He had to quit his job

C.      He lost his job

D.     He didn’t like to keep his job

Answer: A

Makna dari quit adalah berhenti, maka kenyataan dari kalimat tersebut adalah dia tetap bekerja.

8.      If the                 more confident during the interview, he might have got the job wanted.

A.      Were

B.      Would be

C.      Could have been

D.     Had been

Answer: D

Kalimat tersebut merupakan kalimat pengandaian tipe ke-3 dengan pola If+S had+V3+O,S+might+Have V3+O.

9.      “The airline should have accepted the application of Agus, an experienced pilot.”

The means that          

A.      The airline hired agus

B.      Agus refused to work for the airline

C.      The airline did not receive Agus application

D.     Agus was rejected by the airline

Answer: D

Pernyataan diatas menyatakan bahwa maskapai penerbangan tersebut seharusnya menerima lamaran Agus maka hal ini berarti bahwa Agus ditolak oleh maskapai penerbangan tersebut.

10.  “Why didn’t you buy those shoes? You seemed to like them.” “ I would have if they had been cheaper.”

The answer means                 

A.      I did buy the shoes.

B.      I was not against the price.

C.      The shoes were to expensive.

D.     The shoes were a bargain.

Answer: C

Pernyataan tersebut menyatakan bahwa ia akan membeli sepatu jika harganya murah hal ini menandakan bahwa sepatu tersebut terlalu mahal.

11.  “If the plane had taken off on time, we wouldn’t have been late for the opening of the seminar.”

This means that “ we were late because the flight                “

A.      Was delayed.

B.      Has to be delayed.

C.      Was going to be delayed.

D.     Had not been delayed.

Answer: A

Karena pesawat tersebut tertunda maka tidak bisa berangkat tepat waktu.

12.  “Had I known you were expecting a call, I wouldn’t have used the phone so long.” The Underlined words mean               .

A.      I was about to use the phone.

B.      I kept talking on the phone.

C.      I stopped talking on the phone.

D.     I was waiting to use the phone.

Answer: B

Pernyataan yang digaris bawahi menyatakan bahwa ia berandai-andai untuk itdak menggunakan telepon terlaluu lama hal ini berarti kenyataanya ia menggunakan telepon dengan terus-terusan berbicara (kept talking).

13.  “Had the company been fair in giving bonuses, the employees would not have gone on strike.” From the above sentence we may conclude that          .

A.      The employees are still going on strike

B.      The company gave the employees fair bonuses

C.      The company has lost many employees

D.     The employees were very dissatisfed

Answer: D

Pernyataan diatas menunjukan telah terjadi pemogokan kerja yang siakibatkan oleh ketidakpuasan para pegawai terhadap perusahaannya.

14.  If angga had chosen to play football instead of going to puncak with his friends on their motorbikes, he would not have got that terrible accident. From the above sentence we may conclude that now Angga is             .

A.      Enjoying holiday

B.      Hospitalized

C.      Very tired

D.     In puncak

Answer: B

Pernyataan diatas menunjukan bahwa Angga masuk rumah sakir karena mengalami kecelakaan.

15.  “You didn’t forget your appointment, did you? I might have forgottem it,               “

A.      If Tom hadn’t reminded me

B.      Had Tom reminded me

C.      When Tom didn’t remind me

D.     Even if Tom reminded me

Answer: A

Kalimat tersebut menggunakan conditional sentence type III dengan pola: If+S+had+V3+OS+would+have+V3+O.

16.  If the students              late to submit scholarship application to the board, they will not be listed as candidates.

A.      Be

B.      Are

C.      Were

D.     Have

Answer: B

Will not be listed. Kalimat ini merupakan kaliman conditional atau pengadaian tipe 1 karena ada kata If dan Will +V1. Jadi jawaban  yang tepat adalah are karena tense-nya present.

17.  If your brother             here, he           us with this works.

A.      Is – would help

B.      Was – will help

C.      Were – will help

D.     Were – would help

Answer: D

If. Pasangan yang tepat untuk melenhkapi kalimat tersebut adalah pilihan D karena sesuai dengan pola pengadaian tipe 2.

18.  Aldo     : Did you attend the meeting last Monday?

Fery     : I would if I had been invited.

The underlined utterance the means             .

A.      Fery didn’t attend the meeting.

B.      Fery plans to attend the meeting.

C.      Fery knew about the meeting and he attended the meeting.

D.     Fery was not invited to the meeting but he came.

Answer: A

I would if i had been invited. Kalimat pada jawaban berarti “ saya mungkin akan datang jika diundang.” Jadi Fery tidak datang pada pertemuan itu (Fery didn’t attend the meeting).

19.  You                   the job if you were not late to the interview.

A.      Would get

B.      Would be gotten

C.      Would have gotten

D.     Would have been gotten

Answer: A

Were not late. Kalimat ini adalah kalimat pengandaian tipe 2. Polanya adalah Is S+V2.S+would+V1.

20.  We would get the tickets,                  

A.      Weren’t there so much rush at the cinema

B.      Because there were so much rush at the cinema

C.      There were not so much rush at the cinema

D.     Although there were so much rush at the cinema

Answer: D

Would get. Kalimat ini adalah kalimat pengandaian tipe 2. Polanya adalah If S+V2.S+would+V1.

21.  Firtunately you assisted tu push the car. If you hadn’t helped him, he          with you.

A.      Will get angry

B.      Would have gotten angry

C.      Should angry

D.     Would get angry

Answer: B

Hadn’t helped. Kalimat ini adalah kalimat pengadaian tipe 3. Polanya adalah If S+had+V3.S+would+have+V3.

22.  If Rani were not busy at the moment, she would go out with me, said Maria. From Maria’s utterance we know that Rani              with her.

A.      Goes

B.      Went

C.      Didn’t go

D.     Doesn’t go

Answer: D

Would go. Pernyataan tipe 2 jika dijadikan kenyataan berubah menjadi kalimat dengan menggunakan bentuk present tense, dan jika kalimatnya positif berubah menjadi negatif dan sebaliknya.

23.  He spends his time                   after grils.

A.      Running

B.      To run

C.      Ran

D.     Runs

Answer: A

Spend time doing sth. Here asked about the pattern ‘spend time doing sth’.

24.  We don’t know             we have to change planes or not.

A.      If

B.      Until

C.      That

D.     When

Answer: A

Indirect question. Here the cinjunction “IF” indriduces an indirect question.

25.  She’s too tired to go               

A.      Shopping

B.      To shop

C.      Shop

D.     For shopping

Answer: A

Got gerund. We can use gerund to talk about things we go out to do.

Sumber:

Hudha, S.Si,MM., Nurul, Estiwi R.P, S.S, Alvina K. A, S.S, Indra ,S.S. (2014) UPGRADE TOEFL SCORE, Jakarta: Cmedia Imprint Kawan Pustaka.

Orybund K.A, Zin-Giber A.H, Fujriyah M.N, Arief J. (2014) Be A Master TOEFL BANK SOAL & STRATEGI, Solo: Genta Smart Publisher.

http://tkj1smksa.blogspot.co.id/2013/09/conditional-sentences.html

Uber, Airbnb and consequences of the sharing economy: Research roundup

The implications of the so-called “sharing economy” have been hotly debated in the news media, and the research world is now beginning to weigh in with deeper analysis. One central area of argument relates to whether the sharing economy is simply bringing more wage-earning opportunities to more people, or whether its net effect is the displacement of traditionally secure jobs and the creation of a land of part-time, low-paid work. It’s a debate that continues to play out across communities in the United States, forcing reporters to weigh competing claims and varying in tone from boosterism to warnings of the new economy’s “dark side.”

While the conclusions are anything but clear, even as more data pour in, it is worth digging into the available literature and knowing the centers of research debate and lines of argument.

A January 2015 paper co-authored by Princeton’s Alan Krueger — the former Chairman of President Barack Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers — based on Uber’s internal data finds clear benefits for “driver-partners” and notes the new financial opportunities created for tens of thousands of workers. Those conclusions have been critiqued by, for example, the liberal-leaning Center for Economic and Policy Research. In any case, the Krueger paper also argues that “the availability of modern technology, like the Uber app, provides many advantages and lower prices for consumers compared with the traditional taxi cab dispatch system, and this has boosted demand for ride services, which, in turn, has increased total demand for workers with the requisite skills to work as for-hire drivers, potentially raising earnings for all workers with such skills.”

A 2014 paper by Annette Bernhardt of University of California, Berkeley, also signals a cautionary note about any claims of radical recent change being wrought across the U.S. economy:

[We] all share a strong intuition that the nature of work has fundamentally changed, contributing to the deterioration of labor standards. Yet at least with aggregate national data, it has been hard to find evidence of a strong, unambiguous shift toward nonstandard or contingent forms of work – especially in contrast to the dramatic increase in wage inequality. This is not to say that there have been no changes in the workplace. But as this paper has emphasized, for enforcement agencies and policymakers, it may be more fruitful to focus on specific industries and regions in assessing when and where pernicious forms of nonstandard work have grown, and which groups of workers have been most impacted.

It is also true that the rise of independent workers, and associated job insecurity, long predates the recent rise of the sharing economy, although their percentage of all U.S. workers is expected to grow from about one-third currently to 40% by 2020, according to some estimates.

A 2015 report from the Center for American Progress notes the heated debate in Britain over “zero hours contracts” and charges that highly insecure and contingent employment leads to the exploitation of workers. The report — co-authored by Harvard’s Lawrence Summers, a top official in both the Clinton and Obama administrations, and Ed Balls, a British Labour Party MP — notes that “technology has allowed a sharing economy to develop in the United States; many of these jobs offer flexibility to workers, many of whom are working a second job and using it to build income or are parents looking for flexible work schedules. At the same time, when these jobs are the only source of income for workers and they provide no benefits, that leaves workers or the state to pay these costs.”

Meanwhile, scholars such as Juliet Schor of Boston College have been examining how workers might regain bargaining power despite an increasingly app-based, decentralized system of distributed labor. “While the for-profit companies may be ‘acting badly,'” she writes in an October 2014 essay, “these new technologies of peer-to-peer economic activity are potentially powerful tools for building a social movement centered on genuine practices of sharing and cooperation in the production and consumption of goods and services. But achieving that potential will require democratizing the ownership and governance of the platforms.”

Fights over rules and regulations

In October 2014 the New York State Attorney General released a report into Airbnb’s operations that concluded that 72% of the site’s rentals violated state zoning regulations or other laws. The company’s business model is built around allowing people to rent out rooms or entire apartments on a short-term basis, and the report is the latest in a series of ongoing battles Airbnb is engaged in with regulators across the world.

Berlin has banned regular short-term rentals in the most popular parts of the city without prior permission from the authorities. Paris passed a law in February 2014 to allow city inspectors to check rental homes whose owners are suspected of renting them out to visitors illegally. Airbnb has countered with its own reports on the benefits of short-term stays on local housing markets, arguing that the company’s service benefits local economies.

Also known as collaborative consumption or peer-to-peer (P2P), the sharing economy challenges traditional notions of private ownership and is instead based on the shared production or consumption of goods and services. Its origins were in not-for-profit initiatives such as Wikipedia (2001) and Couchsurfing and Freecycle (both 2003). Advances in information technology enabled the creation of large-scale bike-share systems (the first was in Lyon, France, in 2005), and these have subsequently expanded to the United States and around the world.

Social media and mobile technology have enabled the latest expansion of the sharing economy and turned it into a big business: Airbnb allows individuals to share their homes, while Lyft and Uber transform private cars into common resources. All these are for-profit services, but they take only a fraction of the fees levied, passing the rest on to the owners: In 2013 it was estimated that revenues passing through the sharing economy into people’s wallets exceeded $3.5 billion, up 25% from the previous year. Airbnb has exceeded 10 millionguest-stays since its launch and now has more than half a million properties listed. Meanwhile Uber has said that it is doubling its revenue every six months.

As a 2014 article in Harvard Business Review noted, the interests of sharing-economy firms and city governments are often aligned, but failing to engage early on with potential regulators can raise the suspicion that companies are trying to exploit loopholes rather than develop a legitimate business model. For example, courts in Frankfurt recently upheld a national ban on Uber, and the service has been banned in several Canadian cities as well. At the heart of many of these debates is whether Uber is, as it claims, operating as a pure technology company, providing a match-making service to willing participants, or whether it is operating in effect as an unlicensed taxi service, which was the conclusion of Calgary’s city council. Moreover, a Massachusetts class-action lawsuit asserts that Uber exploits its drivers, misclassifying them as independent contractors to avoid paying them as employees with the same benefits.

Examples from elsewhere in the world shows such fractious relationships with regulators need not be the norm. In February 2014, Amsterdam became the first city to pass so-called “Airbnb friendly” legislation. A law allowing short-term rentals by permanent San Francisco residents was finalized in October 2014, but requires them to collect city hotel taxes and imposes other restrictions. In London, 1970s regulations limiting short-term stays were scrapped, making it easier for Airbnb and others to operate in the city. The British government has even launched an initiative to make the U.K. the “global centre for [the] sharing economy.” Similarly, while some traditional operators have fought sharing start-ups, others have chosen to get in on the game themselves: In 2013 Avis paid half a billion dollars for the car-sharing service Zipcar, and Hertz has started a similar service.

Below are a range of additional academic articles that seek to define, understand and analyze the sharing economy, those who participate and its economic impact


sumber:http://journalistsresource.org/studies/economics/business/airbnb-lyft-uber-bike-share-sharing-economy-research-roundup

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Name    : Ika Mayang  Sari

Class      : 4EA13

NPM      : 13212574

A.      MULTIPLE CHOICES SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

1)      Ten tons .......... a heavy load.

A.      Is

B.      Are

The answer: A. Is

2)      A pair of jacket .......... in the hostel

A.      Are

B.      Is

The answer: A. Are

3)      The books borrowed from the library .......... on my desk

A.      Are

B.      Is

The answer: A. Are

4)      The quality of the candies .......... poor.

A.      Are

B.      Is

The answer: B. Is  

5)      One of the most intelligent student who .......... full marks .......... John.

A.      Score, Is

B.      Scores, Are

The answer: A. Score, Is

6)      Everyone at the airport .......... looking for the missing girl.

A.      Were

B.      Was

The answer: A. Were

7)      .......... either your aunts or your father at the home at the moment?

A.      Is

B.      Are

The answer: A. Is

8)      You should decide which one of the three choices A, B, or C best .......... the question.

A.      Answer

B.      Answers

The answer: B. Answers

9)      Everyone .......... to beloved

A.      Needs

B.      Need

The answer: A. Needs

10)    One of these most intelligent student whose example .......... being followed .......... Andi.

A.      Are, Are

B.      Is, Is

The answer: B. Is, Is

B. ERROR ANALYSIS

11)   A nerve is actually many nerve fiber bound together.

A                    B                             C                       D

Pilihan C salah karena ada kata many, maka fiber harusnya ditambah –s untuk menunjukan bentuk jamak (plural).

12)   Some of the animals from the zoo was released into the animal preserve.

A                             B                       C                                                D

Pilihan C salah, karena benda yang dirujuk oleh ekspresi kuantitas some adalah animals yang berbentuk plural, sedangkan to be yang digunakan was, seharusnya menggunakan were (to be untuk subject plural).

13)   The interrogation, conducted by three police officers, have lasted for several hours.

A                                      B                                 C           D

Pilihan D salah, karena subject interrogation berbentuk singular seharusnya bertemu dengan has, menjadi has lasted. Yang bertemu have adalah subject yang berbentuk plural.

14)   The key to the door are in the drawer.

A                        B    C                  D

Pilihan C salah, karena kalimat ini memiliki subject dan verb, tetapi  the key dalam bentuk tunggal, to be yang digunakan harusnya is, bukan are.

15)   Behind the those house was the bicycles I wanted.

     A                       B        C             D

Pilihan C salah, karena dalam kalimat ini subjectnya adalah the bicycles, berbentuk jamak. Maka, to be yang digunakan harusnya were, bukan was.

16)   Around the corner and to the right is the rooms that have been assigned to that program.

       A                                               B         C               D

Pilihan B salah, karena subject berbentuk plural, seharusnya bertemu dengan to be are, bukan is.

17)   Everybody are going to the movie.

       A            B                C       D

Pilihan B salah, karena everybody adalah tunggal (singular), seharusnya to be yang digunakan adalah Is.

18)   It is impossible to belive that somebody actually admire that man.

    A                           B       C                                      D

Pilihan D salah, kaarena subject somebody bermakna singular, maka verb harus ditambah dengan –s menjadi admires.

19)   It’s not the teachers but the director of the school who decides on the course schedule.

                        A                        B                                        C                                  D

Pilihan D salah, karena teachers berbentuk plural, maka kalimat yang mengikutinya yaitu decide tidak ditambahkan –s. Karena tambahan –s untuk kalimat berbentuk singular.

20)   Some of the fruit cake is gone.

    A                B     C    D

Pilihan D salah, karena yang dirujuk oleh ekspresi kuantitas some adalah fruit cake adalah berbentuk singular, maka to be yang digunakan seharusnya are bukan is.

21)   The boss, as well as his colleagues, have been robbed by the robber.

          A                                 B            C                D

Pilihan C salah, karena boss berbentuk singular, jika singular maka has been bukan have been, jadi have di ganti menjadi has.

22)   The last questions on the test was very difficult.

    A              B                    C    D

Pilihan D salah, karena subjectnya disini questions berbentuk plural atau jamak, maka to be yg dipakai bukan was akan tetapi were.

23)   The boy walk to school.

A       B      C             D

Pilihan C salah, kalimatnya lengkap, tetapi subject dan verb tidak sesuai. The boy dalam bentuk tunggal (singular), artinya kata kerja yang mengikutinya harus ditambah –s. Maka, kata kerja walk dianggap salah.

24)   Neither his father nor his mother play mahjong.

     A        B                  C                 D

Pilihan D salah, karena father/mother  adalah berbentuk singular maka verb harus ditambah dengan

 –s menjadi plays.

25)   MBecause of  the seriousness of the company's financial problems, the board of directors have called an emergency meeting.
               A                                                          B                                                       C                           D

                 

Pilihan D salah, karena disini ada dua klausa, tetapi tidak ada subject dan verb karena menggunakan connector because of. setelah of, semuanya prepositional phrase. kemudian subject = board (singular) dan verb = have called. karena subjectnya singular, verbnya harus has called.

Sumber:
http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/svagr.html
http://www.cityu.edu.hk/elc/quiz/subverb1.htm